Discover the rim of a crater ?

Animated picture from Wikipedia.


"You look to the past to
understand life, you look
to the future to live life".

Soren Kierkegard

It was in the seventies when I started a project to find out something about the inheritance of colors in alpacas. I had to travel to Macusani ( 4 600 metres above sea level ),to look for color alpaca males, this town was at the foot of the Aricoma cordillera, province of Puno, Peru. It was so cold , I stayed one full day sitting in a room with cement walls, without heating, trying to warm up and to get over the head ache. We , Nicanor Condorena (from Juli, Puno) snd I were able to find a black (yana) and a grey (o'ke) hainachu alpacas. During the third day we had the idea of bathing and somebody guided us , in less than half an hour by car, to the town of Olaechea. This was the jungle, and had thermal waters, and it was so close to the altitude and to the cold weather.
At the end of the nineties I had enough time to visit the town of Paucartambo, province of Cusco. In the month of July there is an important celebration for virgin del Carmen. The town is all painted in white and the doors and windows are blue. One would say that the feast is a mixture of catholic and pagan dances from the time of the Incas or before. It is the dancing that makes more of the celebration. The town organized in barrios and each barrio has its own group of dancers. At two in the morning, there were cars to take people to watch the sunrise, higher in the mountains . The trip to the town of "Tres Cruces" takes about three hours, on a road that goes up, and up. We might have been some 4 000 meters above sea level when we got to the observation place. It was still very dark . I walked from the car to where people were standing. I wanted to be first in line, I slipped and people yelled, I came back to were people stood. When the sun started to light up, one could see the clouds below, massive clouds, kilometers to the right and to the left and in front. some colors changeg as the sun rose. Then, when there was enough light I could see where I had slipped during the dark early morning, it was the border of a precipice, more than a kilometer deep.
I do not know how many of this places are along the Andes, but they give me the idea that the easter side of the Andes is steeper than the western side of the Andes. They make me think that the Andes were the rim of an asteroid (or comet, or dwarf planet ) that hit the earth before the Pangea maps that we see.

Un cometa o un planeta enano?

http://www-sst.unil.ch/Research/plate_tecto/index_files/Pangea.gif

Tienen la direccion URL para ubicar esta imagen de la parte oeste de Pangea.
La idea es de visualizar la cordillera de los Andes, desde cabo de Hornos a Alaska como un arco. El circulo del cual este arco formaría parte tiene su centro en lo que ahora llamamos el mar Mediterraneo. Existe el cinturón de volcanes llamado Alphinea en esta zona.
Los mapas que he visto de Pangea no dan una visión de un circulo con montañas en el perímetro. Existe un arco de montañas en el este de la china continental en la actualidad. Esta cordillera en Asia se uniria con Alaska en Pangea.Para completar el perimetro del circulo el problema esta en el cuadrante sur este. La India migró desde el sur hacia el norte, anualmente esta migración contribuye a elevar la cordillera del Himalaya.
En teoría puede ser que la masa de hielo y roca que golpeó a la tierra vino desde la dirección sur este . Existen dos cráteres en la luna, Messier y Messier A :





http://www.sydneyobservatory.com.au/blog/?p=425

El crater Messier es mas alargado que el crater Messier A. En el crater Messier se debe notar la cadena de montañas en el centro, que tiene una forma alargada. Usualmente en los crateres se dice que fueron causados por meteoros o por cometas sin expecificar ni uno ni otro. El cometa Shoemaker-Levy dejo una hilera de cráteres en linea recta. Es probable que los crateres Messier fueron causados por un cometa. Uno deberia mirar mas de cerca a estos cráteres para ver si existen signos de el liquido congelado que usualmente cubre los cometas. Bailey M. E. opina que si los cráteres tienen mas de 10 kilometros de diámetro entonces son causados por aeroritos y no por cometas:

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991AdSpR..11...43B

Desde Wipple en los años 50, los meteoritos son cometas que perdieron su cubierta de hielo después de pasar cerca del sol varias veces.

Los planetas enanos tambien tienen una cubierta de líquido. Pluto es dos tercios el tamaño de la luna y tiene una orbita que se acerca al sol. Hablar de probabilidades de que un planeta enano choque con la tierra durante tres mil millones de años, es casi una certidumbre. Pluto esta cubierto de metano y nitrógeno congelado, lo que se supone es parte de la primera atmósfera de la tierra. Neptuno, el octavo planeta tiene 12 lunas, atraidas de los meteoros que vienen de la nube de Kuiper que rodea el sistema solar. Los planetas exteriores tienen mas posibilidades de atraer estos cuerpos que son atraidos por el sol.

Origin of Pangea

Picture from: library.thinkquest.org/J002319/earthquakes.htm


Some five hundred million years ago Pangea seemed like a plateau, surrounded by mountains. The tallest mountains of the world bordered Pangea.
Pangea is drawed with a sea shore, but before the sea came about, before there were any separation of the continents,Pangea cuould have had the shape of a crater. Round, the mountains as the product of an impact from outer space. When we see the craters of meteorites, we see thet the earth aroud the circle goes up, the center of the impact also goes up.
I can guess that something large hit the earth and produced this large crater. Why did the surrounding mountains became volcanoes? I do not know, but for the sake continuing with this theory lets say that what fell on the earth had material of the center of the earth. The perimeter of this heavy object left faults that went to the core of the earth. Also , the pressure in the center of the earth increased with tha additional heavy material, the only way out to alleviate this pressure was through the faults to the surface.To account for the water on the earth, this heavy object could have been frozen. The ice around it, deposited itself next to the surrounding mountains. The ice would have melted and the water vapor would have installed itself beneath the surface of the earth.
This large object that impacted the earth could have been another moon that the earth had at one time. The material of this object had to be similar to the material that we find in what we call the continents now. Our moon has similar composition than the earth.If what hit the earh was a comet that brought the water, how big would that comet had to be? my guess is that it would have to be too large to leave a crater like Pangea. It is more believable thet the water vapor came from the volcanoes.Althought , the fragility of comets, the hight velocity at which it had to come , the water vapor introduced under the earth, are good arguments for a large comet being the former of Pangea.

Earthquake

Picture from : geology.com/pangea.htm
I guess I am more hopeful than anxious of finding answers to questions, and looking for resonance to ideas about the earthquakes.

According to my reading , the water of the oceans came from the water vapor of eruptions of volcanoes (Earth, Frank Press and Raymond Siever). Before 600 million years (for more than 3 000 million years), there was no sea. The earth had an elevated zone that formed the Pangea. How this elevated zone came about? The answer to this question may help us to define the origin of volcanoes. The lightest material, the granite, travelled to the surface, the basalt ,behind, helped to form the crust?.This sounds as the action of the force of gravity . 225 million years ago , the volcanoes were around the Pangea. What we call now the volcanic belt, was really a belt around all of the known earth. All earthquakes here were of volcanic origin. Heavier material than basalt had not migrated downwards completely.

What is the shape of the center of the earth? I imagine a large solid cave where the liquid iron and nickel of the outer core move subject to the four forces: electromagnetic, large nuclear force, small nuclear force, and the gravity. I would guess that there is an amount of gas created by the nearness of the solid and the liquid. This gas would suffer great pressure and would be first affected by outside ions This large cave would have inlets towards the current volcanoes. Gravity is the weaker force among the four forces. The origin of the migration of the continents would be in the changes of the shape of the cave where the iron and chrome are located.

William Guilbert in 1600 announces that the earth has a magnetic field. He also studied electricity , and named it. A unit of magnetism is named guilbert. Being this electromagnetic field of the earth so large and receiving the solar wind, would they have an effect on the core of the earth? Has it been measured? have the mechanical changes of the core of the earth due to the electromagnetic field, affected by the solar wind , been observed?. Water goes toward the weaker magnetic field and it is dielectric. So the borders of Pangea would be the areas most charged electromagnetically.

For a time I thought that earthquakes occurred in opposing extremes of the earth . If there was an earthquake in Malasia, then the next earthquake could be in Peru. Now I think that if I want to predict volcanic activity in Peru I should pay attention to what was the opposing side during the Pangea.

Volcanic eruptions seem to be "seasonal", before and after big eruptions , small tremors are felt in one place. But also , it may be confirmed with the data that different places have volcanoes with eruptions grouped in time.








Tags: geology, earthquakes, volcanoes